Errors on closing JBoss 403 w jBPM 3.1B3
Hi! I've installed jBPM 3.1B3 to see if it solves my problems with assignments with groups, i tried to migrate my processdefinitions but it didn't work. Anyway, i just deployed the processes included in the ZIP (the original ones) and everything goes fine, but when i stop JBoss appear a lot of messages informing i'm responsible for the save of data and persistence problems, does anybody know how to configure the system in order not to receive this errors? Thanks!
10:35:53,543 INFO [SchedulerThread] runtime exception while executing timers
org.hibernate.exception.GenericJDBCException: Cannot open connection
at org.hibernate.exception.SQLStateConverter.handledNonSpecificException
(SQLStateConverter.java:91)
at org.hibernate.exception.SQLStateConverter.convert(SQLStateConverter.j
ava:79)
at org.hibernate.exception.JDBCExceptionHelper.convert(JDBCExceptionHelp
er.java:43)
at org.hibernate.exception.JDBCExceptionHelper.convert(JDBCExceptionHelp
er.java:29)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.ConnectionManager.openConnection(ConnectionManager
.java:307)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.ConnectionManager.getConnection(ConnectionManager.
java:109)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.JDBCContext.connection(JDBCContext.java:134)
at org.hibernate.transaction.JDBCTransaction.begin(JDBCTransaction.java:
57)
at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.beginTransaction(SessionImpl.java:1236
)
at org.jbpm.persistence.db.DbPersistenceService.getSession(DbPersistence
Service.java:98)
at org.jbpm.persistence.db.DbPersistenceService.getSchedulerSession(DbPe
rsistenceService.java:228)
at org.jbpm.JbpmContext.getSchedulerSession(JbpmContext.java:419)
at org.jbpm.scheduler.impl.SchedulerThread.executeTimers(SchedulerThread
.java:103)
at org.jbpm.scheduler.impl.SchedulerThread.run(SchedulerThread.java:70)
Caused by: org.jboss.util.NestedSQLException: You are trying to use a connection
factory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.; - nested th
rowable: (javax.resource.ResourceException: You are trying to use a connection f
actory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.)
at org.jboss.resource.adapter.jdbc.WrapperDataSource.getConnection(Wrapp
erDataSource.java:79)
at org.hibernate.connection.DatasourceConnectionProvider.getConnection(D
atasourceConnectionProvider.java:69)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.ConnectionManager.openConnection(ConnectionManager
.java:304)
... 9 more
Caused by: javax.resource.ResourceException: You are trying to use a connection
factory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.
at org.jboss.resource.connectionmanager.BaseConnectionManager2.allocateC
onnection(BaseConnectionManager2.java:454)
at org.jboss.resource.connectionmanager.BaseConnectionManager2$Connectio
nManagerProxy.allocateConnection(BaseConnectionManager2.java:894)
at org.jboss.resource.adapter.jdbc.WrapperDataSource.getConnection(Wrapp
erDataSource.java:73)
... 11 more
10:35:53,694 DEBUG [CommandExecutorThread] command 'null' threw exception. rolli
ng back transaction
org.hibernate.exception.GenericJDBCException: Cannot open connection
at org.hibernate.exception.SQLStateConverter.handledNonSpecificException
(SQLStateConverter.java:91)
at org.hibernate.exception.SQLStateConverter.convert(SQLStateConverter.j
ava:79)
at org.hibernate.exception.JDBCExceptionHelper.convert(JDBCExceptionHelp
er.java:43)
at org.hibernate.exception.JDBCExceptionHelper.convert(JDBCExceptionHelp
er.java:29)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.ConnectionManager.openConnection(ConnectionManager
.java:307)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.ConnectionManager.getConnection(ConnectionManager.
java:109)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.JDBCContext.connection(JDBCContext.java:134)
at org.hibernate.transaction.JDBCTransaction.begin(JDBCTransaction.java:
57)
at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.beginTransaction(SessionImpl.java:1236
)
at org.jbpm.persistence.db.DbPersistenceService.getSession(DbPersistence
Service.java:98)
at org.jbpm.persistence.db.DbPersistenceService.getMessagingSession(DbPe
rsistenceService.java:219)
at org.jbpm.JbpmContext.getMessagingSession(JbpmContext.java:411)
at org.jbpm.msg.db.DbMessageService.<init>(DbMessageService.java:49)
at org.jbpm.msg.db.DbMessageServiceFactory.openService(DbMessageServiceF
actory.java:32)
at org.jbpm.svc.Services.getService(Services.java:136)
at org.jbpm.svc.Services.getMessageService(Services.java:172)
at org.jbpm.msg.command.CommandExecutorThread.executeCommand(CommandExec
utorThread.java:111)
at org.jbpm.msg.command.CommandExecutorThread.run(CommandExecutorThread.
java:79)
Caused by: org.jboss.util.NestedSQLException: You are trying to use a connection
factory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.; - nested th
rowable: (javax.resource.ResourceException: You are trying to use a connection f
actory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.)
at org.jboss.resource.adapter.jdbc.WrapperDataSource.getConnection(Wrapp
erDataSource.java:79)
at org.hibernate.connection.DatasourceConnectionProvider.getConnection(D
atasourceConnectionProvider.java:69)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.ConnectionManager.openConnection(ConnectionManager
.java:304)
... 13 more
Caused by: javax.resource.ResourceException: You are trying to use a connection
factory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.
at org.jboss.resource.connectionmanager.BaseConnectionManager2.allocateC
onnection(BaseConnectionManager2.java:454)
at org.jboss.resource.connectionmanager.BaseConnectionManager2$Connectio
nManagerProxy.allocateConnection(BaseConnectionManager2.java:894)
at org.jboss.resource.adapter.jdbc.WrapperDataSource.getConnection(Wrapp
erDataSource.java:73)
... 15 more
10:35:53,854 DEBUG [JbpmContext] closing JbpmContext
10:35:53,854 DEBUG [Services] closing service 'persistence': org.jbpm.persistenc
e.db.DbPersistenceService@ba86ef
10:35:53,864 INFO [STDOUT] org.jbpm.JbpmException: User provided session was co
mbined with setRollbackOnly. With user provided hibernate sessions, the user is
responsible for managing transactions
10:35:53,864 INFO [STDOUT] at org.jbpm.persistence.db.DbPersistenceService.
close(DbPersistenceService.java:128)
10:35:53,874 INFO [STDOUT] at org.jbpm.svc.Services.close(Services.java:211
)
10:35:53,884 INFO [STDOUT] at org.jbpm.JbpmContext.close(JbpmContext.java:1
38)
10:35:53,884 INFO [STDOUT] at org.jbpm.msg.command.CommandExecutorThread.ex
ecuteCommand(CommandExecutorThread.java:138)
10:35:53,894 INFO [STDOUT] at org.jbpm.msg.command.CommandExecutorThread.ru
n(CommandExecutorThread.java:79)
10:35:53,894 ERROR [Services] problem closing service 'persistence'
org.jbpm.JbpmException: User provided session was combined with setRollbackOnly.
With user provided hibernate sessions, the user is responsible for managing tr
ansactions
at org.jbpm.persistence.db.DbPersistenceService.close(DbPersistenceServi
ce.java:128)
at org.jbpm.svc.Services.close(Services.java:211)
at org.jbpm.JbpmContext.close(JbpmContext.java:138)
at org.jbpm.msg.command.CommandExecutorThread.executeCommand(CommandExec
utorThread.java:138)
at org.jbpm.msg.command.CommandExecutorThread.run(CommandExecutorThread.
java:79)
10:36:33,260 INFO [SchedulerThread] runtime exception while executing timers
org.hibernate.exception.GenericJDBCException: Cannot open connection
at org.hibernate.exception.SQLStateConverter.handledNonSpecificException
(SQLStateConverter.java:91)
at org.hibernate.exception.SQLStateConverter.convert(SQLStateConverter.j
ava:79)
at org.hibernate.exception.JDBCExceptionHelper.convert(JDBCExceptionHelp
er.java:43)
at org.hibernate.exception.JDBCExceptionHelper.convert(JDBCExceptionHelp
er.java:29)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.ConnectionManager.openConnection(ConnectionManager
.java:307)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.ConnectionManager.getConnection(ConnectionManager.
java:109)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.JDBCContext.connection(JDBCContext.java:134)
at org.hibernate.transaction.JDBCTransaction.begin(JDBCTransaction.java:
57)
at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.beginTransaction(SessionImpl.java:1236
)
at org.jbpm.persistence.db.DbPersistenceService.getSession(DbPersistence
Service.java:98)
at org.jbpm.persistence.db.DbPersistenceService.getSchedulerSession(DbPe
rsistenceService.java:228)
at org.jbpm.JbpmContext.getSchedulerSession(JbpmContext.java:419)
at org.jbpm.scheduler.impl.SchedulerThread.executeTimers(SchedulerThread
.java:103)
at org.jbpm.scheduler.impl.SchedulerThread.run(SchedulerThread.java:70)
Caused by: org.jboss.util.NestedSQLException: You are trying to use a connection
factory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.; - nested th
rowable: (javax.resource.ResourceException: You are trying to use a connection f
actory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.)
at org.jboss.resource.adapter.jdbc.WrapperDataSource.getConnection(Wrapp
erDataSource.java:79)
at org.hibernate.connection.DatasourceConnectionProvider.getConnection(D
atasourceConnectionProvider.java:69)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.ConnectionManager.openConnection(ConnectionManager
.java:304)
... 9 more
Caused by: javax.resource.ResourceException: You are trying to use a connection
factory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.
at org.jboss.resource.connectionmanager.BaseConnectionManager2.allocateC
onnection(BaseConnectionManager2.java:454)
at org.jboss.resource.connectionmanager.BaseConnectionManager2$Connectio
nManagerProxy.allocateConnection(BaseConnectionManager2.java:894)
at org.jboss.resource.adapter.jdbc.WrapperDataSource.getConnection(Wrapp
erDataSource.java:73)
... 11 more
10:37:06,188 DEBUG [DbPersistenceServiceFactory] creating persistence service
10:37:06,188 DEBUG [DbPersistenceService] creating hibernate session
10:37:06,198 DEBUG [DbPersistenceService] beginning hibernate transaction
10:37:06,198 WARN [JDBCExceptionReporter] SQL Error: 0, SQLState: null
10:37:06,198 ERROR [JDBCExceptionReporter] You are trying to use a connection fa
ctory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.; - nested throw
able: (javax.resource.ResourceException: You are trying to use a connection fact
ory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.)
10:37:06,208 DEBUG [CommandExecutorThread] command 'null' threw exception. rolli
ng back transaction
org.hibernate.exception.GenericJDBCException: Cannot open connection
at org.hibernate.exception.SQLStateConverter.handledNonSpecificException
(SQLStateConverter.java:91)
at org.hibernate.exception.SQLStateConverter.convert(SQLStateConverter.j
ava:79)
at org.hibernate.exception.JDBCExceptionHelper.convert(JDBCExceptionHelp
er.java:43)
at org.hibernate.exception.JDBCExceptionHelper.convert(JDBCExceptionHelp
er.java:29)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.ConnectionManager.openConnection(ConnectionManager
.java:307)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.ConnectionManager.getConnection(ConnectionManager.
java:109)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.JDBCContext.connection(JDBCContext.java:134)
at org.hibernate.transaction.JDBCTransaction.begin(JDBCTransaction.java:
57)
at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.beginTransaction(SessionImpl.java:1236
)
at org.jbpm.persistence.db.DbPersistenceService.getSession(DbPersistence
Service.java:98)
at org.jbpm.persistence.db.DbPersistenceService.getMessagingSession(DbPe
rsistenceService.java:219)
at org.jbpm.JbpmContext.getMessagingSession(JbpmContext.java:411)
at org.jbpm.msg.db.DbMessageService.<init>(DbMessageService.java:49)
at org.jbpm.msg.db.DbMessageServiceFactory.openService(DbMessageServiceF
actory.java:32)
at org.jbpm.svc.Services.getService(Services.java:136)
at org.jbpm.svc.Services.getMessageService(Services.java:172)
at org.jbpm.msg.command.CommandExecutorThread.executeCommand(CommandExec
utorThread.java:111)
at org.jbpm.msg.command.CommandExecutorThread.run(CommandExecutorThread.
java:79)
Caused by: org.jboss.util.NestedSQLException: You are trying to use a connection
factory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.; - nested th
rowable: (javax.resource.ResourceException: You are trying to use a connection f
actory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.)
at org.jboss.resource.adapter.jdbc.WrapperDataSource.getConnection(Wrapp
erDataSource.java:79)
at org.hibernate.connection.DatasourceConnectionProvider.getConnection(D
atasourceConnectionProvider.java:69)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.ConnectionManager.openConnection(ConnectionManager
.java:304)
... 13 more
Caused by: javax.resource.ResourceException: You are trying to use a connection
factory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.
at org.jboss.resource.connectionmanager.BaseConnectionManager2.allocateC
onnection(BaseConnectionManager2.java:454)
at org.jboss.resource.connectionmanager.BaseConnectionManager2$Connectio
nManagerProxy.allocateConnection(BaseConnectionManager2.java:894)
at org.jboss.resource.adapter.jdbc.WrapperDataSource.getConnection(Wrapp
erDataSource.java:73)
... 15 more
10:37:06,368 DEBUG [JbpmContext] closing JbpmContext
10:37:06,368 DEBUG [Services] closing service 'persistence': org.jbpm.persistenc
e.db.DbPersistenceService@121dcac
10:37:06,378 INFO [STDOUT] org.jbpm.JbpmException: User provided session was co
mbined with setRollbackOnly. With user provided hibernate sessions, the user is
responsible for managing transactions
10:37:06,388 INFO [STDOUT] at org.jbpm.persistence.db.DbPersistenceService.
close(DbPersistenceService.java:128)
10:37:06,388 INFO [STDOUT] at org.jbpm.svc.Services.close(Services.java:211
)
10:37:20,328 INFO [Http11Protocol] Pausing Coyote HTTP/1.1 on http-0.0.0.0-808
10:37:25,145 DEBUG [JbpmContextInfo] creating jbpm context with service factori
s '[message, scheduler, logging, persistence, authentication]'
10:37:30,913 DEBUG [JbpmContext] creating JbpmContext
10:37:30,913 DEBUG [DbPersistenceServiceFactory] creating persistence service
10:37:30,913 DEBUG [DbPersistenceService] creating hibernate session
10:37:30,913 DEBUG [DbPersistenceService] beginning hibernate transaction
10:37:30,923 WARN [JDBCExceptionReporter] SQL Error: 0, SQLState: null
10:37:30,923 ERROR [JDBCExceptionReporter] You are trying to use a connection f
ctory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.; - nested thro
able: (javax.resource.ResourceException: You are trying to use a connection fac
ory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.)
10:37:30,933 DEBUG [CommandExecutorThread] command 'null' threw exception. roll
ng back transaction
org.hibernate.exception.GenericJDBCException: Cannot open connection
at org.hibernate.exception.SQLStateConverter.handledNonSpecificExceptio
(SQLStateConverter.java:91)
at org.hibernate.exception.SQLStateConverter.convert(SQLStateConverter.
ava:79)
at org.hibernate.exception.JDBCExceptionHelper.convert(JDBCExceptionHel
er.java:43)
at org.hibernate.exception.JDBCExceptionHelper.convert(JDBCExceptionHel
er.java:29)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.ConnectionManager.openConnection(ConnectionManage
.java:307)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.ConnectionManager.getConnection(ConnectionManager
java:109)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.JDBCContext.connection(JDBCContext.java:134)
at org.hibernate.transaction.JDBCTransaction.begin(JDBCTransaction.java
57)
at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.beginTransaction(SessionImpl.java:123
)
at org.jbpm.persistence.db.DbPersistenceService.getSession(DbPersistenc
Service.java:98)
at org.jbpm.persistence.db.DbPersistenceService.getMessagingSession(DbP
rsistenceService.java:219)
at org.jbpm.JbpmContext.getMessagingSession(JbpmContext.java:411)
at org.jbpm.msg.db.DbMessageService.<init>(DbMessageService.java:49)
at org.jbpm.msg.db.DbMessageServiceFactory.openService(DbMessageService
actory.java:32)
at org.jbpm.svc.Services.getService(Services.java:136)
at org.jbpm.svc.Services.getMessageService(Services.java:172)
at org.jbpm.msg.command.CommandExecutorThread.executeCommand(CommandExe
utorThread.java:111)
at org.jbpm.msg.command.CommandExecutorThread.run(CommandExecutorThread
java:79)
Caused by: org.jboss.util.NestedSQLException: You are trying to use a connectio
factory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.; - nested t
rowable: (javax.resource.ResourceException: You are trying to use a connection
actory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.)
at org.jboss.resource.adapter.jdbc.WrapperDataSource.getConnection(Wrap
erDataSource.java:79)
at org.hibernate.connection.DatasourceConnectionProvider.getConnection(
atasourceConnectionProvider.java:69)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.ConnectionManager.openConnection(ConnectionManage
.java:304)
... 13 more
Caused by: javax.resource.ResourceException: You are trying to use a connection
factory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.
at org.jboss.resource.connectionmanager.BaseConnectionManager2.allocate
onnection(BaseConnectionManager2.java:454)
at org.jboss.resource.connectionmanager.BaseConnectionManager2$Connecti
nManagerProxy.allocateConnection(BaseConnectionManager2.java:894)
at org.jboss.resource.adapter.jdbc.WrapperDataSource.getConnection(Wrap
erDataSource.java:73)
... 15 more
10:37:31,094 DEBUG [JbpmContext] closing JbpmContext
10:37:31,094 DEBUG [Services] closing service 'persistence': org.jbpm.persisten
e.db.DbPersistenceService@1de6be9
10:37:31,104 INFO [STDOUT] org.jbpm.JbpmException: User provided session was c
mbined with setRollbackOnly. With user provided hibernate sessions, the user i
responsible for managing transactions
10:37:31,114 INFO [STDOUT] at org.jbpm.persistence.db.DbPersistenceService
close(DbPersistenceService.java:128)
10:37:31,124 INFO [STDOUT] at org.jbpm.svc.Services.close(Services.java:21
)
10:37:31,124 INFO [STDOUT] at org.jbpm.JbpmContext.close(JbpmContext.java:
38)
10:37:31,134 INFO [STDOUT] at org.jbpm.msg.command.CommandExecutorThread.e
ecuteCommand(CommandExecutorThread.java:138)
10:37:31,134 INFO [STDOUT] at org.jbpm.msg.command.CommandExecutorThread.r
n(CommandExecutorThread.java:79)
10:37:31,144 ERROR [Services] problem closing service 'persistence'
org.jbpm.JbpmException: User provided session was combined with setRollbackOnly
With user provided hibernate sessions, the user is responsible for managing t
ansactions
at org.jbpm.persistence.db.DbPersistenceService.close(DbPersistenceServ
ce.java:128)
at org.jbpm.svc.Services.close(Services.java:211)
at org.jbpm.JbpmContext.close(JbpmContext.java:138)
at org.jbpm.msg.command.CommandExecutorThread.executeCommand(CommandExe
utorThread.java:138)
at org.jbpm.msg.command.CommandExecutorThread.run(CommandExecutorThread
java:79)
10:37:31,174 DEBUG [JbpmContextInfo] creating jbpm context with service factori
s '[message, scheduler, logging, persistence, authentication]'
10:37:31,184 DEBUG [JbpmContext] creating JbpmContext
10:37:31,194 DEBUG [DbPersistenceServiceFactory] creating persistence service
10:37:31,194 DEBUG [DbPersistenceService] creating hibernate session
10:37:31,194 DEBUG [DbPersistenceService] beginning hibernate transaction
10:37:31,204 WARN [JDBCExceptionReporter] SQL Error: 0, SQLState: null
10:37:31,204 ERROR [JDBCExceptionReporter] You are trying to use a connection f
ctory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.; - nested thro
able: (javax.resource.ResourceException: You are trying to use a connection fac
ory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.)
10:37:31,214 DEBUG [JbpmContext] closing JbpmContext
10:37:31,214 DEBUG [Services] closing service 'persistence': org.jbpm.persisten
e.db.DbPersistenceService@17e982f
10:37:31,224 DEBUG [DbPersistenceService] flushing hibernate session
10:37:31,224 DEBUG [DbPersistenceService] closing hibernate session
10:37:31,234 INFO [SchedulerThread] runtime exception while executing timers
org.hibernate.exception.GenericJDBCException: Cannot open connection
at org.hibernate.exception.SQLStateConverter.handledNonSpecificExceptio
(SQLStateConverter.java:91)
at org.hibernate.exception.SQLStateConverter.convert(SQLStateConverter.
ava:79)
at org.hibernate.exception.JDBCExceptionHelper.convert(JDBCExceptionHel
er.java:43)
at org.hibernate.exception.JDBCExceptionHelper.convert(JDBCExceptionHel
er.java:29)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.ConnectionManager.openConnection(ConnectionManage
.java:307)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.ConnectionManager.getConnection(ConnectionManager
java:109)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.JDBCContext.connection(JDBCContext.java:134)
at org.hibernate.transaction.JDBCTransaction.begin(JDBCTransaction.java
57)
at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.beginTransaction(SessionImpl.java:123
)
at org.jbpm.persistence.db.DbPersistenceService.getSession(DbPersistenc
Service.java:98)
at org.jbpm.persistence.db.DbPersistenceService.getSchedulerSession(DbP
rsistenceService.java:228)
at org.jbpm.JbpmContext.getSchedulerSession(JbpmContext.java:419)
at org.jbpm.scheduler.impl.SchedulerThread.executeTimers(SchedulerThrea
.java:103)
at org.jbpm.scheduler.impl.SchedulerThread.run(SchedulerThread.java:70)
Caused by: org.jboss.util.NestedSQLException: You are trying to use a connectio
factory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.; - nested t
rowable: (javax.resource.ResourceException: You are trying to use a connection
actory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.)
at org.jboss.resource.adapter.jdbc.WrapperDataSource.getConnection(Wrap
erDataSource.java:79)
at org.hibernate.connection.DatasourceConnectionProvider.getConnection(
atasourceConnectionProvider.java:69)
at org.hibernate.jdbc.ConnectionManager.openConnection(ConnectionManage
.java:304)
... 9 more
Caused by: javax.resource.ResourceException: You are trying to use a connection
factory that has been shut down: ManagedConnectionFactory is null.
at org.jboss.resource.connectionmanager.BaseConnectionManager2.allocate
onnection(BaseConnectionManager2.java:454)
at org.jboss.resource.connectionmanager.BaseConnectionManager2$Connecti
nManagerProxy.allocateConnection(BaseConnectionManager2.java:894)
at org.jboss.resource.adapter.jdbc.WrapperDataSource.getConnection(Wrap
erDataSource.java:73)
... 11 more
10:37:31,364 ERROR [CommandExecutorThread] org.jbpm.JbpmException: problem clos
ng services {persistence=org.jbpm.JbpmException: User provided session was comb
ned with setRollbackOnly. With user provided hibernate sessions, the user is r
sponsible for managing transactions}... and more...