After restarting JBoss, this exception did not recur. So, the solution appears to be to modify the WSDL to contain a valid URL (I couldn't get wscompile to do this, I had to use the replaceregexp Ant task), then change the AlwaysModifySOAPAddress attribute to false for the AxisService mbean in deploy\jboss-ws4ee.sar\META-INF\jboss-service.xml.
Thanks for everyone's help!
I'm not finding this in 4.0.3. The problem seems to be that my web service URL is getting rewritten. I ask for
https://blah.internap.com:8443/test-service/Echo?wsdl
DEBUG org.jboss.axis.transport.http.HTTPSender - TargetURL: http://blah.internap.com:8080/test-service/Echo [java] 3281 [main] DEBUG org.jboss.axis.transport.http.HTTPSender - Connection refused
https://SOME_URL_TO_BE_REPLACED_BY_JBOSS
So, I was platying around with it, and I find that making the line in the wsdl to be:
https://SOME_URL_TO_BE_REPLACED_BY_JBOSS:8443